Statistical Literacy Essentials

A p-value assumes the ____ hypothesis, the claim of no real effect, is true.

• null
• normal
• alternative
• binomial

What p-value threshold is commonly called 'statistically significant'?

• 0.50
• 0.01
• 0.95
• 0.05

Who popularized the 0.05 significance threshold in the 1920s?

• Karl Pearson
• Isaac Newton
• Charles Darwin
• Ronald Fisher

A p-value tells you the probability that a hypothesis is true.

• True
• False

In which year did the American Statistical Association warn against relying on p-values alone?

• 2006
• 1920
• 1996
• 2016

The normal distribution is symmetric around its average, or ____.

• median
• range
• mean
• mode

About what percent of values fall within one standard deviation of the mean?

• 68 percent
• 99 percent
• 95 percent
• 50 percent

Which distribution models successes in a fixed number of yes-or-no trials?

• Bell curve
• Binomial
• Normal
• Uniform

Rolling a fair die where every outcome is equally likely is an example of which distribution?

• Binomial
• Bell curve
• Normal
• Uniform

Correlation between two things proves one causes the other.

• True
• False

Hot weather driving both ice cream sales and drownings is a ____ variable.

• dependent
• random
• confounding
• binomial

What is usually required to establish true cause and effect?

• Controlled experiments
• Bell curves
• Large surveys
• P-values alone

Which measure is fairer than the mean when an extreme value pulls it away from typical?

• Median
• Mode
• Sample size
• Range

A '100 percent increase' could mean rising from just one case to two.

• True
• False

Which trick exaggerates small differences in a graph?

• Empirical rule
• Randomized trials
• Larger samples
• Truncated axes