Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events Quiz

PDF page 189: • P(A AND B) = P(A)P(B)

PDF page 189: Two events are independent if the following are true:

PDF page 189: Two events A and B are independent if the knowledge that one occurred does not affect the chance the other occurs. For example, the outcomes of two roles of a fair die are independent events. The outcome of the first roll does not change the probability for the outcome of the second roll. To show two events are independent, you must show only one of the above conditions. If two events are NOT independent, then we say that they are dependent. Sampling may be done with replacement or without replacement.

PDF page 189: of being chosen more than once. When sampling is done with replacement, then events are considered to be independent, meaning the result of the first pick will not change the probabilities for the second pick.

PDF page 189: only once. In this case, the probabilities for the second pick are affected by the result of the first pick. The events are considered to be dependent or not independent. If it is not known whether A and B are independent or dependent, assume they are dependent until you can show otherwise.

PDF page 190: A and B are mutually exclusive events if they cannot occur at the same time. This means that A and B do not share any outcomes and P(A AND B) = 0. For example, suppose the sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, and C 2

PDF page 190: A and B are mutually exclusive events if they cannot occur at the same time. This means that A and B do not share any outcomes and P(A AND B) = 0. For example, suppose the sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, and C 2

PDF page 190: and is not equal to zero. Therefore, A and B are not mutually exclusive. A 10 and C do not have any numbers in common so P(A AND C) = 0. Therefore, A and C are mutually exclusive. If it is not known whether A and B are mutually exclusive, assume they are not until you can show otherwise. The following examples illustrate these definitions and terms.

PDF page 189: Independent and mutually exclusive do not mean the same thing.

PDF page 189: You have a fair, well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. It consists of four suits. The suits are clubs, diamonds, hearts and spades. There are 13 cards in each suit consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J (jack), Q (queen), K (king) of that suit.

PDF page 189: You have a fair, well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. It consists of four suits. The suits are clubs, diamonds, hearts and spades. There are 13 cards in each suit consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J (jack), Q (queen), K (king) of that suit.

PDF page 189: Suppose you pick three cards with replacement. The first card you pick out of the 52 cards is the Q of spades. You put this card back, reshuffle the cards and pick a second card from the 52-card deck. It is the ten of clubs. You put this card back, reshuffle the cards and pick a third card from the 52-card deck. This time, the card is the Q of spades again. Your picks are {Q of spades, ten of clubs, Q of spades}. You have picked the Q of spades twice. You pick each card from the 52-card deck.

PDF page 190: a. Without replacement; b. With replacement

PDF page 189: • Without replacement: When sampling is done without replacement, each member of a population may be chosen