Probability Topics Quiz

PDF page 220: • If A and B are any two mutually exclusive events, then P(A OR B) = P(A) + P(B), and

PDF page 220: 3. P(A AND B) = P(A)P(B)

PDF page 220: conditional probability the likelihood that an event will occur given that another event has already occurred contingency table the method of displaying a frequency distribution as a table with rows and columns to show how two variables may be dependent (contingent) upon each other; the table provides an easy way to calculate conditional probabilities dependent events if two events are NOT independent, then we say that they are dependent equally likely each outcome of an experiment has the same probability event a subset of the set of all outcomes of an experiment; the set of all outcomes of an experiment is called a sample space and is usually denoted by S. An event is an arbitrary subset in S. It can contain one outcome, two outcomes, no outcomes (empty subset), the entire sample space, and the like. Standard notations for events are capital letters such as A, B, C, and so on experiment a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions independent events The occurrence of one event has no effect on the probability of the occurrence of another event; events A and B are independent if one of the following is true:

PDF page 220: conditional probability the likelihood that an event will occur given that another event has already occurred contingency table the method of displaying a frequency distribution as a table with rows and columns to show how two variables may be dependent (contingent) upon each other; the table provides an easy way to calculate conditional probabilities dependent events if two events are NOT independent, then we say that they are dependent equally likely each outcome of an experiment has the same probability event a subset of the set of all outcomes of an experiment; the set of all outcomes of an experiment is called a sample space and is usually denoted by S. An event is an arbitrary subset in S. It can contain one outcome, two outcomes, no outcomes (empty subset), the entire sample space, and the like. Standard notations for events are capital letters such as A, B, C, and so on experiment a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions independent events The occurrence of one event has no effect on the probability of the occurrence of another event; events A and B are independent if one of the following is true:

PDF page 220: sample space the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment sampling with replacement if each member of a population is replaced after it is picked, then that member has the possibility of being chosen more than once sampling without replacement when sampling is done without replacement, each member of a population may be chosen only once the AND event an outcome is in the event A AND B if the outcome is in both A AND B at the same time the complement event the complement of event A consists of all outcomes that are NOT in A the conditional probability of one event GIVEN another event P(A|B) is the probability that event A will occur given that the event B has already occurred the OR event an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A or is in B or is in both A and B the OR of two events an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A, is in B, or is in both A and B tree diagram the useful visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of a tree with branches marked by possible outcomes together with associated probabilities (frequencies, relative frequencies) Venn diagram the visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of circles or ovals showing their intersections

PDF page 220: sample space the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment sampling with replacement if each member of a population is replaced after it is picked, then that member has the possibility of being chosen more than once sampling without replacement when sampling is done without replacement, each member of a population may be chosen only once the AND event an outcome is in the event A AND B if the outcome is in both A AND B at the same time the complement event the complement of event A consists of all outcomes that are NOT in A the conditional probability of one event GIVEN another event P(A|B) is the probability that event A will occur given that the event B has already occurred the OR event an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A or is in B or is in both A and B the OR of two events an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A, is in B, or is in both A and B tree diagram the useful visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of a tree with branches marked by possible outcomes together with associated probabilities (frequencies, relative frequencies) Venn diagram the visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of circles or ovals showing their intersections

PDF page 220: sample space the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment sampling with replacement if each member of a population is replaced after it is picked, then that member has the possibility of being chosen more than once sampling without replacement when sampling is done without replacement, each member of a population may be chosen only once the AND event an outcome is in the event A AND B if the outcome is in both A AND B at the same time the complement event the complement of event A consists of all outcomes that are NOT in A the conditional probability of one event GIVEN another event P(A|B) is the probability that event A will occur given that the event B has already occurred the OR event an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A or is in B or is in both A and B the OR of two events an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A, is in B, or is in both A and B tree diagram the useful visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of a tree with branches marked by possible outcomes together with associated probabilities (frequencies, relative frequencies) Venn diagram the visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of circles or ovals showing their intersections

PDF page 220: sample space the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment sampling with replacement if each member of a population is replaced after it is picked, then that member has the possibility of being chosen more than once sampling without replacement when sampling is done without replacement, each member of a population may be chosen only once the AND event an outcome is in the event A AND B if the outcome is in both A AND B at the same time the complement event the complement of event A consists of all outcomes that are NOT in A the conditional probability of one event GIVEN another event P(A|B) is the probability that event A will occur given that the event B has already occurred the OR event an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A or is in B or is in both A and B the OR of two events an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A, is in B, or is in both A and B tree diagram the useful visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of a tree with branches marked by possible outcomes together with associated probabilities (frequencies, relative frequencies) Venn diagram the visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of circles or ovals showing their intersections

PDF page 220: mutually exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if the probability that they both happen at the same time is zero; if events A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A AND B) = 0 outcome a particular result of an experiment probability a number between zero and one, inclusive, that gives the likelihood that a specific event will occur; the foundation of statistics is given by the following three axioms (by A.N. Kolmogorov, 1930s): Let S denote the sample space and A and B are two events in S; then

PDF page 220: sample space the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment sampling with replacement if each member of a population is replaced after it is picked, then that member has the possibility of being chosen more than once sampling without replacement when sampling is done without replacement, each member of a population may be chosen only once the AND event an outcome is in the event A AND B if the outcome is in both A AND B at the same time the complement event the complement of event A consists of all outcomes that are NOT in A the conditional probability of one event GIVEN another event P(A|B) is the probability that event A will occur given that the event B has already occurred the OR event an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A or is in B or is in both A and B the OR of two events an outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A, is in B, or is in both A and B tree diagram the useful visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of a tree with branches marked by possible outcomes together with associated probabilities (frequencies, relative frequencies) Venn diagram the visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of circles or ovals showing their intersections

PDF page 220: conditional probability the likelihood that an event will occur given that another event has already occurred contingency table the method of displaying a frequency distribution as a table with rows and columns to show how two variables may be dependent (contingent) upon each other; the table provides an easy way to calculate conditional probabilities dependent events if two events are NOT independent, then we say that they are dependent equally likely each outcome of an experiment has the same probability event a subset of the set of all outcomes of an experiment; the set of all outcomes of an experiment is called a sample space and is usually denoted by S. An event is an arbitrary subset in S. It can contain one outcome, two outcomes, no outcomes (empty subset), the entire sample space, and the like. Standard notations for events are capital letters such as A, B, C, and so on experiment a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions independent events The occurrence of one event has no effect on the probability of the occurrence of another event; events A and B are independent if one of the following is true:

PDF page 217: to pick two candies, one at a time. Do not look into the cup as you pick them. The first time through, replace the first candy before picking the second one. Record the results in the With Replacement column of Table 3.14. Do this 24 times. The second time through, after picking the first candy, do not replace it before picking the second one. Then, pick the second one. Record the results in the Without Replacement column section of Table 3.15. After you record the pick, put both candies back. Do this a total of 24 times, also. Use the data from Table 3.15 to calculate the empirical probability questions. Leave your answers in unreduced fractional form. Do not multiply out any fractions.

PDF page 217: Do the Experiment Count out 40 mixed-color candies, which is approximately one small bag’s worth. Record the number of each color in